International Accounting Standards

International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association is the worldwide alliance of toll operators and associated industries that provides a forum for sharing knowledge and ideas to promote and enhance toll-financed and other direct-user-fee-financed transportation services.

Intelligent Cruise Control. Also known as Autonomous Intelligent Cruise Control (AICC) and Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). Dynamic speed and distance control in relation to the vehicle in front using on-board equipment.

A Service Mark of the U.S. DOT.  IntelliDriveSM is a suite of technologies and applications using wireless communications to provide connectivity among all types of vehicles; between vehicles and roadway infrastructure; and among vehicles, infrastructure and wireless consumer devices to improve safety, mobility and environment.  http://www.its.dot.gov/presentations/pdf/MW_IntelliDrive_Overview.pdf.

IAG. The E-Zpass InterAgency Group is the entity responsible for creating and administering E-Zpass, a collaboration between 21 member agencies on the east coast of the United States, that provides interoperable electronic tolling.

A cooperative arrangement established between public and/or commercial entities (Authorities, parking lot operators, etc.) wherein tags issued by one entity will be accepted at facilities belonging to all other entities without degradation in service performance.

This U.S. DOT Federal Highway Administration Program authorizes up to three facilities on the Interstate System to toll for the purpose of financing the construction of new Interstate highways.  http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/tolling_pricing/interstate_constr.htm

Interoperable Electronic Fee Collection - National and/or global Interoperability among various electronic toll collection technologies .

Interoperability - National and/or global Interoperability among various electronic toll collection technologies.

Individual Route Guidance. Route guidance provided to the individual user at each choice point by means of in-vehicle equipment receiving dynamic data.

Intelligent Speed Adaptation. Various concepts aimed at limiting the vehicle speed in relation to different defined speeds (static, variable or dynamic) for certain road sections via various user interfaces (informative, supportive or compulsory). Also known as Automatic Speed Adaptation (ASA).

Internal Service Fund - In government accounting, a fund used to account for goods or services given to one department by another on a cost reimbursement basis. The fund is profit and loss oriented and hence follows accrual accounting. 

International Organization for Standardization.

The organization that is responsible for issuing accounts and Private Keys to be used in the Transponder employed by a User to engage in an electronic payment service. In the US today, the Issuer is generally an Authority, but there are examples where it is a bank or credit card company in Europe. Note that the Issuer often employs a third party Account Processor (Customer ServiceType Center) to process the accounts.

Intelligent Transportation Systems. A broad range of diverse technologies, including information processing, communications, control and electronics, which, when applied to our transportation system, can save time, money and lives.

Intelligent Vehicle Highway Society (U.S.A.)

Joint Programs Office - The U.S. DOT’s ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) Joint Program Office focuses on intelligent vehicles, intelligent infrastructure and the creation of an intelligent transportation system through integration with and between these two components. The Federal ITS program supports the  advancement of ITS through investments in major research initiatives, exploratory studies and a deployment support program including technology transfer and training.  http://www.its.dot.gov/its_jpo.htm

Keys must adhere to rules in order to be useful. The type of encryption used will determine some of those rules, for example key size. At a minimum, each Private Key should be unique. A Key Service is an organization that provides and manages Keys for an Application. The Key Service implements rules that insure that all Keys issued adhere to the policies for the Application. The Internet, which uses Keys to ensure privacy, has made Key Services something of a commodity.

Keys (Public and Private) are numbers that are used to encrypt data. In our case, the data being encrypted is in effect, the secure transaction. Keys come in two types: Public and Private. The User holds the Private Key in secret. Public Keys are tied to a specific Private Keys, with the possibility of having many Public Keys for each Private Key. The Public Key is used by Service Providers to decrypt and verify transactions encrypted by a Private Key on an On-Board Unit.

Local Area Network

A specific type of in-lane (generally, but not always) equipment used to respond to or detect in-lane sensors (AVI Reader, treadles, beam detectors, loops, etc.) and using precision algorithms, make appropriate decisions (raise gate, take violation image, activate driver feedback lights, etc.).

The amount of toll revenue that is not collected due to missing or un-processable transactions, or from expected from classified vehicle transactions for which a toll payment is not successfully collected. Leakage may be classified as technical, business/institutional, or default leakage. The technical leakage categories include missing or un-processable transactions (most often from poor license-plate images). Another source of leakage can be from license-plate transactions with good images, but with unrecoverable owner of record information. A third general category of leakage includes the cases of legible license-plate images with identified owners, but the toll invoices or notices are not yet paid. Each toll operator may use slightly different definitions or categories of unsuccessful transactions, and may calculate leakage figures differently.

Commercial brand of the common interoperable Electronic Fee Collection (EFC) used for light vehicles in the French concession context.

A vehicle sensor to detect the presence of a vehicle in the toll lane or within a toll zone. The metallic mass of a vehicle located above wires laid in the pavement produce electromagnetic signals that can be sensed electronically. Some advanced solutions called “smart loops” are designed to also detect the count of vehicle axles and presence of dual tires on heavy vehicles. Smart loop systems use this data to provide vehicle classification information

Leistungsabhängige Schwerverkehrsabgabe - The LSVA (Leistungsabhängige Schwerverkehrsabgabe) is a nationwide distance-related road fee that replaced an annual flat fee imposed on heavy vehicles in Switzerland.  The LSVA legislation resulted from treaties with the European Union when weight limits on transport vehicles carrying goods across the Alps were increased from 28 tons to 40 tons.  Studies forecast that this weight limit increase would double heavy goods traffic on the Swiss road network by 2015 unless the LSVA were enacted.  The intent of the measure was to encourage rail transport rather than road transport.  http://www.osmose-os.org/documents/212/Switzerland_pric.pdf

*UPDATED* Separate expressway lanes operating in parallel with other general-purpose travel lanes on a given route.  Traffic in the managed lanes is controlled by access rights, vehicle occupancy, vehicle type, and/or by variable price.  (See also ”Priced Managed Lanes” below). 

A toll lane wherein a Toll Service Attendant is present to accept cash, token or ticket as toll payment from a Customer.

A scenario that takes place whereby the customer’s license plate information is used to establish vehicle identification in lieu of an Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) payment.  (If the license plate is not registered with an ETC account, the owner of the vehicle is assumed to be a toll evader or violator).

Mileage-Based User Fee - A mileage based road user charge, also referred to as "vehicle miles of travel" (VMT) fees are prices for road use predicated on the mileage driven on a given class of roadway.

Management of Electronic Fee Collection (EFC) through Dedicated Name Short Type Range Communication (DSRC) Interoperability in the Alpine Area

See “Road-User Charging (RUC) Programs.”

Minimum Interoperability Specifications for Tolling on European Roads. MISTER groups a team of experts on satellite navigation and cellular network-based electronic fee collection within the framework of a contract with the European Commission, DG TREN. The main objective is to prepare a complete draft of the ISO 17575 technical specification on the "Application Interface Definition for Electronic Fee Collection (EFC) based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Cellular Networks (GNSS/CN)". Its goal is to complement the ISO 17575 draft in order to set up a pan-European EFC service based on GNSS/CN.

A toll plaza lane accepting multiple options for toll payment. Typically modified to include ETC. Generally signed for vehicles to come to a stop but in practice allow slow roll-through for electronic transactions.

Multi-Lane, Free Flow (MLFF) is another term for an all-electronic ORT Toll Zone, a multi-lane toll point on an expressway with no cash toll plaza.  MLFF Toll Zones employ electronic toll collection and license plate image capture for collection of tolls.

Another term for ORT Toll Zone.